Emergency tree removal is a dangerous undertaking, often performed under stressful conditions like storms or after accidents. Prioritizing safety is paramount for both the crew and the surrounding property. Cutting down a compromised tree involves a lot of unpredictable forces, and a single mistake can have serious consequences.
Before any work begins, the area needs to be thoroughly assessed. This includes identifying potential hazards like downed power lines, unstable structures, and the tree's lean and potential fall path. Establishing a clear safety zone, well beyond the tree's height and potential reach, is crucial. Keeping bystanders and unnecessary personnel far away is non-negotiable.
The crew should be equipped with, and importantly, trained in the use of, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). This includes helmets, eye protection, chainsaw chaps, gloves, and sturdy footwear. Regular equipment checks are vital. A dull chainsaw, frayed ropes, or malfunctioning equipment increase the risk of accidents.
Communication is key throughout the process. Clear hand signals and verbal communication between crew members ensure everyone is aware of what's happening and can anticipate the next steps. This is especially important when working with heavy machinery like cranes or aerial lifts. A designated spotter should be present to guide the operation and warn of any potential dangers.
Weather conditions play a significant role. High winds, heavy rain, or lightning storms can make the situation exponentially more dangerous. If conditions deteriorate, work should be stopped immediately until it's safe to resume. Trying to rush the job in hazardous weather is a recipe for disaster.
Finally, proper limbing and felling techniques are essential. Understanding how to make the right cuts, control the tree's descent, and manage the forces involved minimizes the risk of unexpected movements or kickback. Experience and training are indispensable in this regard. Cutting corners on safety procedures is never worth the risk. A well-executed emergency tree removal prioritizes safety from start to finish, minimizing the potential for accidents and ensuring everyone goes home unharmed.
Emergency tree removal is a dangerous undertaking, requiring specialized equipment and techniques to ensure both the safety of the crew and the surrounding property. It's not just about cutting down a tree; it's about doing so in a controlled and predictable manner, often under stressful conditions like storms, floods, or fires. This requires a unique arsenal of tools beyond your average chainsaw and pickup truck.
Central to any emergency tree removal operation is the aerial lift truck, also known as a bucket truck. These provide a safe and stable platform for arborists to reach precarious limbs and make precise cuts. Cranes are also frequently employed, especially for larger trees that pose a significant threat. They allow for the controlled lifting and removal of heavy sections, minimizing the risk of collateral damage.
Specialized cutting tools are also crucial. Chainsaws are a staple, of course, but often in configurations designed for specific tasks. For instance, top-handled chainsaws are used for limbing and pruning in elevated positions, while larger, more powerful saws are used for felling the main trunk. Ropes and rigging systems are essential for guiding falling sections and preventing them from striking buildings or power lines. These systems can involve complex knots, pulleys, and friction devices to carefully manipulate the tree's descent.
Beyond the heavy machinery, other vital equipment includes winches, which can be used to pull leaning trees upright or to extract fallen sections from difficult-to-reach areas. Chippers are also commonly used on-site to process the debris, clearing the area quickly and efficiently. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is paramount, and every crew member must be equipped with helmets, eye protection, hearing protection, cut-resistant clothing, and sturdy boots.
The techniques employed in emergency tree removal are just as important as the equipment. Arborists undergo extensive training to assess the stability of a compromised tree and determine the safest removal method. This often involves techniques like sectional dismantling, where the tree is taken apart piece by piece from the top down. Controlled felling, where the tree is notched and then pushed or pulled in a specific direction using wedges, ropes, or specialized felling machines, is another common approach.
In conclusion, emergency tree removal is a complex operation that demands a combination of powerful equipment, specialized techniques, and highly skilled professionals. The tools and methods described above are just a glimpse into the intricate world of emergency tree removal, highlighting the importance of safety, precision, and expertise in mitigating the risks associated with compromised trees.
Dealing with obstructions and hazardous conditions is a critical aspect of emergency tree removal. It's not just about taking down a tree quickly; it's about doing it safely, minimizing further damage, and protecting the lives of the crew and surrounding community. Imagine a storm-ravaged tree leaning precariously over a power line – one wrong move could lead to electrocution or a widespread blackout. This is where careful planning and specialized techniques become paramount.
Obstructions can range from the obvious, like buildings, fences, and other trees, to the less visible, such as underground utilities and septic systems. Before any work begins, the crew needs to thoroughly assess the situation. This might involve using ground-penetrating radar to locate buried lines or consulting with utility companies to mark their infrastructure. Sometimes, the tree itself presents the biggest challenge. A shattered trunk or weakened branches can behave unpredictably during removal, requiring specialized rigging and cutting techniques to control the descent of the debris.
Hazardous conditions often accompany emergency tree removal. Downed power lines, ruptured gas lines, and unstable structures all pose significant risks. Working in stormy weather adds another layer of complexity. High winds, heavy rain, and lightning can make an already dangerous job even more precarious. In these situations, crew safety is the top priority. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE), including helmets, eye protection, chainsaw chaps, and high-visibility clothing, is essential. The crew also needs to be trained in emergency procedures and have a clear communication plan in case something goes wrong.
Often, emergency tree removal requires specialized equipment. Cranes, aerial lifts, and winches are commonly used to control the removal process and prevent further damage. Specialized cutting techniques, such as directional felling and controlled notching, allow the crew to precisely guide the tree's fall, even in tight spaces. Sometimes, the situation calls for more unconventional methods. For example, explosives might be used to remove a large tree in a highly populated area, but this requires highly specialized training and permits.
Ultimately, dealing with obstructions and hazardous conditions in emergency tree removal requires a delicate balance of speed and safety. It's a demanding job that requires expertise, careful planning, and a deep understanding of the risks involved. The goal is always to mitigate the immediate danger while protecting the lives and property of those affected.
Post-removal cleanup and debris disposal is the often-overlooked, but absolutely crucial, final stage of the emergency tree removal process. After the chainsaw dust settles and the looming threat of a damaged or fallen tree is gone, you're left with a different kind of problem: what to do with all the leftover wood, branches, and scattered debris. It's tempting to think the job is done once the tree is down, but a proper cleanup is vital for safety, aesthetics, and the health of your property.
First and foremost, safety is paramount. Sharp branches, hidden nails, and unstable piles of wood create hazards for anyone walking around the area. Thorough cleanup minimizes the risk of injury to family members, pets, or future landscaping crews. This involves more than just raking up the obvious pieces. It means carefully inspecting the area for smaller debris, including sawdust, which can be slippery, and ensuring all sharp objects are collected and disposed of properly.
Beyond safety, there's the issue of aesthetics. A pile of decaying wood isn't just an eyesore; it can attract pests and create an unhealthy environment. Prompt removal of the debris restores the beauty of your property and prevents potential infestations. This also includes addressing any damage to your lawn or landscaping caused by the tree's removal.
Finally, proper debris disposal is environmentally responsible. Depending on the size and type of tree, the wood can be repurposed for firewood, mulch, or even furniture. If repurposing isn't an option, contacting local waste management services or tree removal companies ensures the debris is handled and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. This prevents illegal dumping and contributes to a healthier community.
In conclusion, post-removal cleanup and debris disposal are integral parts of the emergency tree removal process. It's the final step that transforms a potentially hazardous situation into a restored and safe environment. By prioritizing thorough cleanup and responsible disposal, you ensure the long-term health and beauty of your property.
Tree care is the application of arboricultural methods like pruning, trimming, and felling/thinning[1] in built environments. Road verge, greenways, backyard and park woody vegetation are at the center of attention for the tree care industry. Landscape architecture and urban forestry[2][3] also set high demands on professional tree care. High safety standards against the dangers of tree care have helped the industry evolve. Especially felling in space-limited environments poses significant risks: the vicinity of power or telephone lines, insufficient protective gear (against falling dead wood, chainsaw wounds, etc.) and narrow felling zones with endangered nearby buildings, parking cars, etc.. The required equipment and experience usually transcends private means and is often considered too costly as a permanent part of the public infrastructure. In singular cases, traditional tools like handsaws may suffice, but large-scale tree care usually calls for heavy machinery like cranes, bucket trucks, harvesters, and woodchippers.
Road side trees are especially prone to abiotic stress by exhaust fumes, toxic road debris, soil compaction, and drought which makes them susceptible to fungal infections and various plant pests[4] like the spotted lantern fly.[5] When tree removal is not an option, because of road ecology considerations, the main challenge is to achieve road safety (visibility of road signs, blockage-free lanes, etc.) while maintaining tree health.
While the perceived risk of death by falling trees (a part of the "tree risk" complex) is influenced by media and often hyped (the objective risk has been reported to be close to 1 : 10.000.000, almost as low as death by lightning),[6] singular events have encouraged a "proactive" stance so that even lightly damaged trees are likely to be removed in urban and public traffic surroundings.[3] As a tree ages and nears the end of its safe useful life expectancy (SULE),[7] its perceived amenity value is decreased greatly. A risk assessment normally carried out by local council's arborist to determine the best course of action.[8][9] As with all public green spaces, trees in green urban spaces and their careful conservation is sometimes in conflict with aggressive urban development even though it is often understood how urban trees contribute to liveability of suburbs and cities both objectively (reduction of urban heat island effect, etc.) and subjectively.[10][11][12][13] Tree planting programs implemented by a growing number of cities, local councils and organizations is mitigating the losses and in most cases increasing the number of trees in suburbia.[14] Programs include the planting of 2 trees for every 1 tree removed, while some councils are paying land owners to keep trees instead of removing them for farming or construction.[15]
The voluntary industry consensus standards developed by TCIA, resulted in the ANSI A300 standard, the generally accepted industry standard for tree care practices including trees, shrubs, and other woody plants.[16] It includes the following parts:
Urban Forestry maintains 4.1 million trees on public property, which includes an estimated 3.5 million trees within Toronto's parks and ravines, and approximately 600,000 trees on City streets. ... The focus of our maintenance service is shifting progressively from reactive maintenance to proactive maintenance.
cite web
Ho Chi Minh City has announced a plan to move and cut down 300 trees on Ton Duc Thang Street in District 1 to make space for a bridge connecting to District 2 and a metro station.
Pruning is a horticultural, arboricultural, and silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of certain parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, or roots.
The practice entails the targeted removal of diseased, damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted plant material from crop and landscape plants. In general, the smaller the branch that is cut, the easier it is for a woody plant to compartmentalize the wound and thus limit the potential for pathogen intrusion and decay. It is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to young plants, rather than removing large, poorly placed branches from mature plants.
Woody plants may undergo a process referred to as "self-pruning", where they will drop twigs or branches which are no longer producing more energy than they require. It is theorized that this process can also occur in response to lack of water, in order to reduce the surface area where water can be lost.[1] This natural shedding of branches is called cladoptosis.
Specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants, such as roses, fruit trees, and grapevines. Different pruning techniques may be used on herbaceous plants than those used on perennial woody plants.
Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by controlling or redirecting growth), improving or sustaining health, reducing risk from falling branches, preparing nursery specimens for transplanting, and both harvesting and increasing the yield or quality of flowers and fruits.
Branch wood is an individual stem that grows off of another stem.
Trunk wood is the main stem of a tree which individual stems grow out of.
This refers to the area below the union of where branch wood attaches with the trunk/stem wood. This can often appear raised.
This refers to the junction between branch wood and trunk/stem wood. It usually looks raised. [2]
Pruning in an urban setting is crucial due to the tree being in drastically different conditions than where it naturally grows.[3]
Arborists, orchardists, and gardeners use various garden tools and tree cutting tools designed for the purpose, such as secateurs, loppers, handsaws, or chainsaws.[4] Additionally in forestry, pole pruners (averruncators in British English) and pole saws are commonly used, and these are often attached to poles that reach up to 5–6 m (16–20 ft). This is a more efficient and safer way of pruning than with ladders. These bush saws on polls have also been motorized as chainsaws which is even more efficient. Older technology used Billhooks, Kaiser blades, and pruning knives. Although still used in some coppicing, they are not used so much in commercial forestry due to the difficulty of cutting flush with the stem. Flush cuts happen when a pruner cuts into the cambium layer of the main trunk, which can happen when a pruner is not precise with pruning cuts, and removes a portion of the branch collar, which can put the tree at risk of entry cords from forest pathogens.
Although there are several different types of pruning, they can be simplified into two categories. One of which is cutting the branch back to a specific and intermediate point, called a "reduction cut", and the other of which is completely removing a branch back to the union where the branch connects which the main trunk, called "removal cut".[5]
A "reduction cut" is when one removes a portion of a growing stem down to a set of desirable buds or side-branching stems. This is commonly performed in well trained plants for a variety of reasons, for example to stimulate growth of flowers, fruit or branches, as a preventive measure to wind and snow damage on long stems and branches, and finally to encourage growth of the stems in a desirable direction.
In orchards, fruit trees are often lopped to encourage regrowth and to maintain a smaller tree for ease of picking fruit. The pruning regime in orchards is more planned, and the productivity of each tree is an important factor.
Branches die off for a number of reasons including sunlight deficiency, pest and disease damage, and root structure damage. A dead branch will at some point decay back to the parent stem and fall off. This is normally a slow process but can be hastened by high winds or extreme temperatures. The main reason deadwooding is performed is safety. Situations that usually demand removal of deadwood include trees that overhang public roads, houses, public areas, power lines, telephone cables and gardens. Trees located in wooded areas are usually assessed as lower risk but assessments consider the number of visitors. Trees adjacent to footpaths and access roads are often considered for deadwood removal.[8]
Another reason for deadwooding is amenity value, i.e. a tree with a large amount of deadwood throughout the crown will look more aesthetically pleasing with the deadwood removed. The physical practice of deadwooding can be carried out most of the year though should be avoided when the tree is coming into leaf. The deadwooding process speeds up the tree's natural abscission process. It also reduces unwanted weight and wind resistance and can help overall balance.
Preventative and structural pruning can be done to mitigate several issues young trees may have in the future. The structural pruning can reduce tree stress, increase the lifespan of trees, and promotes resistance to damage due to natural weather events. Attributes of trees with good structure include excurrent growth by having a single dominant leader, branch unions without included bark, and a balanced canopy. Structural pruning does this by developing or maintaining a dominant leader, identify the lowest branches in the canopy, prevent branches below the permanent canopy from growing too large, keeping all branches less than one half the trunk diameter, space main branches along one dominant trunk, and suppress growth on branches with included bark. [9]
Subordination pruning is done on limbs that will exceed 50% percent of the stem diameter. A reduction cut may be performed while still allowing about 50% of the branch. This is done to help maintain form and deter the formation of co-dominant leaders. Temporary branches may be too large for a removal cut so subordination pruning should be done to slowly reduce a limb by 50% each year to allow the tree to properly heal from the cut. As a tree becomes larger the slower it grows. Reducing the larger limbs for eventual removal will allow for the tree to promote new growth rather than using energy in encouraging unwanted limbs to continue to grow. Removing a large branch increases the likelihood of the cut to not heal properly which also may attract insects, diseases and fungus. [9][10]
Crown thinning is the removal of live healthy branches which increases light penetration, air circulation and reduces wind resistance which reduces risks from damage and the possibility of pest infestation. [11]
Crown raising involves the removal of the lower branches to a given height. The height is achieved by the removal of whole branches or removing the parts of branches which extend below the desired height. The branches are normally not lifted to more than one third of the tree's total height.
Crown lifting is done for access; these being pedestrian, vehicle or space for buildings and street furniture. Lifting the crown will allow traffic and pedestrians to pass underneath safely. This pruning technique is usually used in the urban environment as it is for public safety and aesthetics rather than tree form and timber value.
Crown lifting introduces light to the lower part of the trunk; this, in some species can encourage epicormic growth from dormant buds. To reduce this sometimes smaller branches are left on the lower part of the trunk. Excessive removal of the lower branches can displace the canopy weight, this will make the tree top heavy, therefore adding stress to the tree. When a branch is removed from the trunk, it creates a large wound. This wound is susceptible to disease and decay, and could lead to reduced trunk stability. Therefore, much time and consideration must be taken when choosing the height the crown is to be lifted to.
This would be an inappropriate operation if the tree species’ form was of a shrubby nature. This would therefore remove most of the foliage and would also largely unbalance the tree. This procedure should not be carried out if the tree is in decline, poor health or dead, dying or dangerous (DDD) as the operation will remove some of the photosynthetic area the tree uses. This will increase the decline rate of the tree and could lead to death.
If the tree is of great importance to an area or town, (i.e. veteran or ancient) then an alternative solution to crown lifting would be to move the target or object so it is not in range. For example, diverting a footpath around a tree's drip line so the crown lift is not needed. Another solution would be to prop up or cable-brace the low hanging branch. This is a non-invasive solution which in some situations may be more economical and environmentally friendly. [12]
Selectively pruning a window of view in a tree.
Reducing the height and or spread of a tree by selectively cutting back to smaller branches and in fruit trees for increasing of light interception and enhancing fruit quality.
A regular form of pruning where certain deciduous species are pruned back to pollard heads every year in the dormant period. This practice is usually commenced on juvenile trees so they can adapt to the harshness of the practice. This practice can be used for tree shaping but is also used in specific species which young branches can be sold for floral arrangements.
Deadheading is the act of removing spent flowers or flowerheads for aesthetics, to prolong bloom for up to several weeks or promote rebloom, or to prevent seeding.
In general, pruning deadwood and small branches can be done at any time of year. Depending on the species, many temperate plants can be pruned either during dormancy in winter, or, for species where winter frost can harm a recently pruned plant, after flowering is completed. In the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere autumn pruning should be avoided, as the spores of disease and decay fungi are abundant at this time of year.
Some woody plants tend to bleed profusely from cuts, such as mesquite and maple. Some callus over slowly, such as magnolia. In this case, they are better pruned during active growth when they can more readily heal. Woody plants that flower early in the season, on spurs that form on wood that has matured the year before, such as apples, should be pruned right after flowering as later pruning will sacrifice flowers the following season. Forsythia, azaleas and lilacs all fall into this category.
Arboriculture (/ˈɑËÂÂÂÂrbÉ™rɪˌkÊŒltʃər, É‘ËÂÂÂÂrˈbÉâ€ÂÂÂËÂÂÂÂr-/)[1] is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen control, pruning, shaping, and removal.
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management, legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.[citation needed]
Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.[citation needed]
Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.[citation needed]
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.
A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.
Common types of tree defects:
Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.
Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment
Dead, diseased, or broken branches:
Cracks
Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.
Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure
Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots
Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning
Roots:
Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.
Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it presents a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.
Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3–5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:
Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5–10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:
Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk
Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots
Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.
Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.
Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning system and may be conserved as amenity landscape[2] features.
The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.
Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning[3] system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as rural settlements.
Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.
The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.